Science
What is the atmosphere? Atmosphere of Earth (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth) Evolution of Earth's atmosphere (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth#Evolution_of_Earth.27s_atmosphere) Earth's early atmosphere (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/26659/earths-early-atmosphere/) A lecture on Earth's atmosphere (The Ohio State University) (http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast141/Unit3/Lect10_Atmos.pdf) Gaseous composition of dry air (Columbia University) (http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/climate/table_1.html) Not definitive, but a discussion around 'How is the equilibrium of 21% oxygen in Earth's atmosphere established?' (Earth Science Stack Exchange) (https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/4574/how-is-the-equilibrium-of-21-oxygen-in-earths-atmosphere-established) The first cells were anaerobic, i.e. they didn't use oxygen (Windows 2 Universe) (http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/first_life.html) The great oxygenation event: The event that transformed Earth (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150701-the-origin-of-the-air-we-breathe) Geological history of oxygen (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen) Greenhouse gases kept early Earth warm (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/07/22/3805154.htm?site=starhunt&topic=space) Stromatolites (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite) Stromatolites: The oldest fossils (Fossil Museum) (http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/Stromatolites.htm) Photosynthesis (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis) What is the atmosphere like on other planets? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/35796/atmosphere-of-the-planets/) Planetary atmospheres (Penn State University) (http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/rbc/a1/lec29n.html) Did Mars' magnetic field die with a whimper or a bang? (Science, AAAS) (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/04/did-marss-magnetic-field-die-whimper-or-bang) Mars’ magnetic field (Technical University of Denmark) (http://www.space.dtu.dk/english/Research/Universe_and_Solar_System/magnetic_field) What keeps Earth’s atmosphere bound to Earth? (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/earth/what-keeps-earths-atmosphere-on-earth) Earth’s magnetic field provides vital protection (ESA) (http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cluster/Earth_s_magnetic_field_provides_vital_protection) A magnetic surprise from Venus (Astrobiology Magazine) (http://www.astrobio.net/also-in-news/a-magnetic-surprise-from-venus/) Core of Venus (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/36161/core-of-venus/) Venera 13: First colour pictures from Venus (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html) Olympus Mons: The largest volcano in the solar system (BBC) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/solar_system_highlights/olympus_mons) Atmosphere of Jupiter (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter) Atmosphere of Saturn (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-of-saturn/) Atmospheric pressure: Definition & facts (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/39315-atmospheric-pressure.html) Mean sea level pressure (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#Mean_sea_level_pressure) How does pressure change with ocean depth? (National Ocean Service) (http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pressure.html) Total Recall: The scene where he imagines his eyes pop out when his space helmet breaks (not from The Running Man) (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpUVPvsIF5w) How long can a human survive in outer space? (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/question540.htm) Why your blood would boil in space (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160617-why-your-blood-would-boil-in-space) What is boiling? (Libretext Chemistry) (https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Boiling) Steam (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam) It's hard to get a good cup of tea on Mount Everest as water boils at a lower temperature (Dynamic Science) (http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/space%20science/Demonstration%20of%20boiling%20point.htm) How your lungs work (How Stuff Works, Health) (http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/lung.htm/printable) Positive airway pressure (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure) Melting & boiling points of water (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius#Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water) Earth's atmospheric layers (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/atmosphere-layers2.html) Kármán line: 100 km above sea level & commonly represents the boundary between our atmosphere & outer space, also where aeronautics becomes astronautics (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kármán_line) The Right Stuff (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086197/) The troposphere & tropopause (Encyclopedia.com) (http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/troposphere-and-tropopause) The heliosphere & heliopause (Encyclopaedia Britannica) (https://www.britannica.com/topic/heliopause) What is an aurora? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/) The Earth's ionosphere (Stanford University) (http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/ionosphere.html) Why do radio signals travel farther at night than in the day? (Gizmodo) (https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/01/why-do-radio-signals-travel-farther-at-night-than-in-the-day/) Ozone basics (NOAA) (http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm) Ozone depletion (Ozone Hole) (http://www.ozone-hole.org.uk/05.php) Formation of the ozone layer: "Ozone played a significant role in the evolution of life on Earth, & allows life as we presently know it to exist" (NASA, GES DISC) (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ozone/additional/science-focus/about-ozone/ozone_formation.shtml) "One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere" (EPA) (https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science) How to protect astronauts from space radiation on Mars (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/real-martians-how-to-protect-astronauts-from-space-radiation-on-mars) How do we protect the astronauts from space radiation? (NASA) (https://srag.jsc.nasa.gov/spaceradiation/how/how.cfm) 'Seeing' cosmic rays in space (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/94714/seeing-cosmic-rays-in-space/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections "The solar storm of August 1972 is legendary at NASA because it occurred in between two Apollo missions: the crew of Apollo 16 had returned to Earth in April & the crew of Apollo 17 was preparing for a moon landing in December" (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/stereo_astronauts.html) This is what Johnny figured out in a Spanish toilet How to measure the circumference of the Earth (Khan Academy) (https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/nasa/measuringuniverse/measure-the-solarsystem/v/eratosthenes_measures_earth) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Image credit: Garðar Ólafsson photography